PERNIKAHAN DINI DAN DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP STUNTING
(TINJAUAN KOMPARATIF ANTARA HUKUM FIKIH DAN HUKUM POSITIF DI INDONESIA)
Oleh : A.Mahfudz Dinar Assiddiqy
Kelas XII MA Darul Mahfudz
Abstrak
Pernikahan dini masih menjadi fenomena sosial yang banyak terjadi di Indonesia, termasuk di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar, dan berkontribusi terhadap tingginya angka stunting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pernikahan dini terhadap stunting serta membandingkan pandangan hukum fikih Islam dan hukum positif Indonesia terkait batas usia pernikahan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif-empiris dan komparatif. Data diperoleh melalui studi literatur terhadap sumber hukum Islam dan peraturan perundang-undangan, serta wawancara dengan tokoh agama, akademisi, tenaga kesehatan, aparat pemerintah, dan masyarakat setempat.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik pernikahan dini di Kabupaten Polewali Mandar masih cukup tinggi dan dipengaruhi oleh faktor ekonomi, rendahnya tingkat pendidikan, serta pemahaman agama yang belum komprehensif. Pernikahan dini berdampak signifikan terhadap meningkatnya risiko stunting akibat ketidaksiapan biologis, psikologis, dan ekonomi orang tua, khususnya ibu. Dari perspektif hukum fikih, pernikahan dini pada dasarnya diperbolehkan setelah baligh, namun mensyaratkan adanya kemaslahatan. Sementara itu, hukum positif Indonesia menetapkan batas usia minimal pernikahan 19 tahun sebagai bentuk perlindungan terhadap anak dan generasi bangsa. Dalam kerangka maqashid syariah, pernikahan dini yang berpotensi menimbulkan mudarat bertentangan dengan prinsip menjaga jiwa dan keturunan.
Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pencegahan pernikahan dini merupakan upaya strategis dalam menekan angka stunting dan mewujudkan generasi yang sehat dan berkualitas. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sinergi antara pemerintah, tokoh agama, lembaga pendidikan, dan masyarakat dalam edukasi, penegakan regulasi, serta pendampingan keluarga.
Kata Kunci: Pernikahan Dini, Stunting, Hukum Islam, Hukum Positif, Maqashid Syariah.
Abstract
Early marriage remains a prevalent social phenomenon in Indonesia, including in Polewali Mandar Regency, and has contributed significantly to the high prevalence of stunting. This study aims to analyze the impact of early marriage on stunting and to compare Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and Indonesian positive law perspectives regarding the minimum age of marriage. This research employs a qualitative method with normative-empirical and comparative approaches. Data were collected through literature review of Islamic legal sources and national legislation, as well as interviews with religious leaders, academics, health workers, government officials, and community figures.
The findings indicate that early marriage practices in Polewali Mandar Regency remain relatively high, influenced by economic factors, low educational attainment, and limited understanding of reproductive health and contextual religious teachings. Early marriage has a significant impact on increasing the risk of stunting due to the biological, psychological, and economic unpreparedness of young parents, particularly mothers. From the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence, early marriage is permissible after reaching puberty, provided that it ensures public benefit (maslahah). In contrast, Indonesian positive law stipulates a minimum marriage age of 19 years as a protective measure for children and future generations. Within the framework of maqashid sharia, early marriage that leads to harm contradicts the principles of preserving life (hifz al-nafs) and lineage (hifz al-nasl).
This study concludes that preventing early marriage is a strategic effort to reduce stunting and to achieve a healthy and high-quality generation. Therefore, strong collaboration among the government, religious leaders, educational institutions, and the community is essential through education, strict law enforcement, and family empowerment programs.
Keywords: Early Marriage, Stunting, Islamic Law, Positive Law, Maqashid Sharia.
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